Dr. Samuel Johnson
Life and Works
Samuel Johnson (1709-84) was born at Lichifield in 1709. He was the son of a small bookseller, a poor man, but intelligent and fond of literature. From his childhood Johnson had to struggie hard against physical deformity and disease. He prepared himself for the university, partly in the schools, but largely by omnivorous reading in his father’s shop, and when he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1728, he had read more classical writers than most of the graduates of the university. Before finishing his course he had to leave the university on account of his poverty, and at once began his long struggle as a hack writer to earn his living.
At the age of twenty-five he married a woman old enough to be his mother, and with her dowry of £ 800 they started a private school together, which was a dismal failure. Then without money or influential friends he left his home and his wife in Lichfield and came to London, accompanied by David Garrick, afterwards the famous actor, who had been one of his pupils. Here, led by old associations, Johnson made himself known to the booksellers, and now and then earned a penny by writing prefaces, reviews, and translations. He wrote steadily for the booksellers and the Gentleman’s Magazine, and after sometime he became known in London and received enough work to earn a bare living.
The works which occasioned this small success were his poem London and Life of the Poet Savage. After some time he was asked by the booksellers of London to write A Dictionary of the English Language. It was an enormous work, taking nearly eight years of his life, and long before he had finished it he had eaten up the money which he received for his labour. In the leisure intervals of this work he wrote The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) and other poems, and finished his classical tragedy, Irene.
Led by the great success of the Spectator, Johnson started two jour- nals, The Pambler (1750-52), and The Idler (1758-60). Later on, the Rambler essays were published in book form and ran rapidly through ten editions, but the financial returns were small, and moreover Johnson spent a large part of his earnings in charity. When his mother died in 1759, Johnson, although one of the best known men in London, had no money, and hurriedly finished Rasselas, his only romance, in order, it is said to pay for his mother’s burial. He died in his fleet street house during the night of 13 December, 1784, and was buried among England’s hundred poets in Westminister Abbey.
Dr. Johnson का जीवन-परिचय
Dr. Johnson का जन्म 1709 में Lichifield में हुआ था। वह एक निर्धन पुस्तक विक्रेता का पुत्र था। वह निर्धन था परन्तु योग्य था और साहित्य का प्रेमी था। बचपन से ही Johnson को शारीरिक अपंगता एवं बीमारी के कारण कड़ा संघर्ष करना पड़ा। उसने स्वयं को University की शिक्षा के लिए स्कूलों में तथा अपने पिता की किताबों की दुकान पर अध्ययन करके तैयार किया और जब उसने 1728 में Pembroks College, Oxford में प्रवेश लिया तो वह अधिकतर स्नातकों से अधिक Classical लेखक पढ़ चुका था। निर्धनता के कारण अपनी शिक्षा पूर्ण करने से पूर्व ही उसको विश्वविद्यालय छोड़ना पड़ा तथा लेखनी के माध्यम से उन्होंने जीविका अर्जित करने के लिए संघर्ष किया।
पच्चीस वर्ष की आयु में उन्होंने एक ऐसी महिला से विवाह किया जो उनकी माता की आयु की थी। दहेज में मिले £ 800 की सहायता से उन दोनों ने मिलकर एक प्राइवेट स्कूल खोला परन्तु वह पूर्णतया असफल रहा। उसके बाद वह अपने Actor शिष्य David Garrick के साथ England आ गये, जहाँ उनका कोई परिचित नहीं था। यह उन्होंने कुछ पुराने साथियों की सहायता से पुस्तक विक्रेताओं से घनिष्ठता बढ़ायी तथा विभिन्न प्रकार के छोटे-मोटे लेखन के माध्यम से कुछ धन कमाने का प्रयास किया। वह निरन्तर पुस्तक विक्रेताओं एवं Gentleman’s Magazine के लिए लिखते रहे तथा कुछ समय पश्चात् वह London में प्रसिद्ध हो गये तथा उनको पर्याप्त कार्य मिलने लगा।
वह कार्य जिन्होंने उनको आकस्मिक सफलता दिलायी, उनकी कविताएँ London एवं Life of the Poet Savage थीं। उसके बाद London के पुस्तक विक्रेताओं ने उनसे अंग्रेजी भाषा का शब्दकोष लिखने को कहा। यहाँ एक बहुत बड़ा कार्य था तथा इसको पूरा करने में Johnson को आठ वर्ष लग गये और इसके पूर्ण होने से पूर्व ही वह उस धन को व्यय कर चुके थे जो उनको इस कार्य के लिए प्राप्त हुआ था। इसी मध्य अवकाश के समय में उन्होंने The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) की रचना की तथा अपनी Classical Tragedy Irene पूर्ण की।
Spectator की सफलता को देखकर Johnson ने दो Journals आरम्भ किये। इनके नाम थे-The Rambler तथा The ldler । बाद में Rambler को पुस्तक के रूप में प्रकाशित किया गया जिसके दस संस्करण शीघ्र ही समाप्त हो गये। परन्तु इससे आर्थिक उपलब्धि कम की हुयी। इसके अतिरिक्त Johnson ने अधिकतर धन दान में दे दिया। जब 1759 में उनकी माता मृत्यु हुयी तो लन्दन में सर्वोत्तम व्यक्ति होने के बावजूद उनके पास अपनी माता के अन्तिम संस्कार के लिए पर्याप्त धन नहीं था और इसके कर्ज को चुकाने के लिए उन्होंने अपने एकमात्र रोमांस Rasselas को बड़ी शीघ्रता से पूर्ण किया। उनका देहान्त 13 दिसम्बर, 1784 को हुआ तथा उनको Westminster Abbey में दफनाया गया।
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